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Moral Philosophy
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Introduction to ethics, with links to other articles at the IEP.
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Just War Theory
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Some of those who have attempted to justify war include Aquinas, Grotius, and Pufendorf.
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Positivism, Legal
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Theory that law is manufactured according to certain social conventions.
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Locke, John
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Article on the life and work of the influential philosopher.
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Lombard, Peter
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French scholastic theologian of the 12th century, influenced by Abelard.
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Lucretius
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Roman poet and advocate of Epicurean philosophy.
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Mill, John Stuart
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19th leader and prophet of utilitarianism, heir to the Hume-Bentham line, and influential force in modern political theory. Author of On Liberty (1859), and Utilitarianism (1863).
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Moral Luck
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Andrew Latus, St. Francis Xavier University, summarizes the discussion between Thomas Nagel and Bernard Williams on the question: Can luck ever make a moral difference?
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Natural Law
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Standards that govern human behavior objectively derived from the nature of human beings.
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Natural Theology
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Used in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to describe knowledge of God drawn from nature.
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Neoplatonism
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The revival of Greek philosophy in 3rd century BCE, led by Plotinus and his disciple, Porphyry. Influenced by both Pythagoras and Plato.
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Origen
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Father of the early Church, born around 182.
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Solipsism
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The doctrine of the solipsist is that existence means my existence and that of my mental states.
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Paley, William
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18th century British theologian.
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Parmenides
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Greek philosopher and poet.
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Peripatetics
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Brief history of the Peripatetic doctrines.
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Plotinus
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3rd century CE founder of Neo-Platonism.
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Poincaré, Jules Henri
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19th century French philosopher of science.
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Prodicus
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5th century BCE sophist, possibly a mentor of Socrates
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Protagoras
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Early Greek sophist.
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Pyrrho
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4th century BCE founder of the Greek school of skepticism.
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Pythagoras
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The 6th century BCE philosopher.
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Reichenbach, Hans
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Leading German philosopher of science, and logical positivist.
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Roman Philosophy
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Short introduction to Roman philosophy from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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Shaftesbury, Earl of
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Patron of John Locke
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Shpet, Gustav
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Leading proponent of Russian transcendental phenomenology.
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Skepticism, Ancient Greek
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A description of skepticism in Ancient Greece, led by Pyrrho.
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Skepticism, Contemporary
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Introduction to the current discussion of skepticism.
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Solovyov, Vladimir
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19th century Russian philosopher.
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Sophists
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Teachers of philosophy in Ancient Greece, including Protagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and Hippias.
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Spinoza, Benedict
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17th century pantheist, critic of Descartes.
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Stephen, Leslie
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19th century British academic.
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Stoicism
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Description of the system of ethics, popular in Ancient Greece, which has physics as its foundation.
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Symposium
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Drinking-parties in Ancient Greece where the guests reclined on couches, and were crowned with garlands of flowers.
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Synderesis
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Scholastic philosophy describes this as the principle in moral consciousness which directs an agent to good.
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Time
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Long article about questions of time discussed throughout the history of philosophy.
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Virtue Theory
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View that morality is the development of or virtues.
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Voluntarism
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Theory that God or the ultimate nature of reality is conceived as some form of will.
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Xenophon
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Pupil of Socrates, who contributed to the record of his life.
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Russell's Paradox
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Examines self-referential linguistics used to describe properties and sets.
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Truth
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Philosophical theories on the nature of truth, by Bradley Dowden and Norman Swartz.
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Plato
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Biography and description of the philosophy of Plato.
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Rights, Human
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A treatment of the origins and development of the theory of human rights, with philosophical analysis, justifications, and criticisms.
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Active Powers
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The capacities of impulse and desire which lead to or determine human action, as described by 18th and 19th century Scottish common sense philosophy.
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Aenesidemus
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Biography of the 1st century philosopher who defended the ten tropes of skepticism.
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Anaxagoras
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Greek philosopher born about 500 BCE, responsible for giving philosophy a home at Athens and the first philosopher to introduce a spiritual principle which gives matter life and form.
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Anaxarchus
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4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera, from the school of Democritus.
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Anaximander
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Greek philosopher of Miletus, born 611 BCE who thought it unnecessary to fix upon air, water, or fire as the original and primary form of body.
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Anaximenes
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5th century BCE Greek philosopher of Miletus who regarded 'air' as the primary form of body.
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Animals and Ethics
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Consideration of moral status of non-human animals.
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Anselm
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11th century English prelate who developed views of atonement and satisfaction which are still held by orthodox theologians.
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Antisthenes
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Athenian philosopher and founder of the Cynic sect who was born around 440 BCE.
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Aristippus
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Description of the life and teachings of the philosopher Aristippus, founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy.
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Aristotle
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The life and work of the 4th century BCE Greek philosopher.
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Augustine
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Extensive article on the life and work of the 4th century ecclesiastical author.
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Bakhtin Circle
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School of Russian thought centered on the work of Bakhtin which focused on questions of signification in artistic creation.
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Beccaria, Cesare
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18th century aristocrat whose work 'On Crimes and Punishments (1764)' inspired reform in the Italian criminal justice system.
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Behaviorism
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Theory in philosophy of mind which maintains that talk of mental events should be translated into talk about observable behavior.
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Bentham, Jeremy
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Extensive article on the 18th century 'founder' of utilitarianism.
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Berkeley, George
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Influential 18th century Irish philosopher.
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Berlin Circle
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Group of academics who gathered round Hans Reichenbach in late 1920s and later joined up with the Vienna Circle.
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Bolingbroke, Henry St. John
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18th century Tory disciple of Locke.
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Butler, Joseph
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18th century icon of a highly intellectualized theology.
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Caird, Edward
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Nineteenth century Scottish philosopher who was one of the key figures of the idealist movement that dominated British philosophy from 1870 until the mid 1920s.
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Social Contract Theory
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View that morality is based on social agreements that serve the interests of those who make the agreement.
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Chrysippus
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Prolific stoic of Soli, and disciple of Cleanthes.
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Carnap, Rudolf
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Extensive article about his life and work, by Mauro Murzi.
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Capital Punishment
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The issue of capital punishment involves determining whether the execution of criminals is ever justified.
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Davidson, Donald
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Introduction to one of the most significant philosophers concerned with philosophy of mind and action of the 20th/21st century.
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Damon
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5th century BCE Pythagorean philosopher of Syracuse.
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Cumberland, Richard
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17th century critic of Hobbes and the neo-Platonists.
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Cudworth, Ralph
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17th century 'Cambridge Platonist' who fought for preservation of religious ideals, including divine illumination.
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Cleanthes
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Stoic philosopher of Assus in Lydia, disciple of Zeno of Citium.
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Democritus
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4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera who expanded the atomic theory of Leucippus.
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Demonax
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Philosopher of the second century CE. who tried to revive the philosophy of the Cynic School.
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Descartes, René
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Early modern philosopher who rejected religious authority in the quest for scientific and philosophical knowledge.
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Dewey, John
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Leading light of the 20th century American school of thought known as pragmatism.
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Diderot, Denis
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The most prominent of the French Encyclopedists and one of the leaders of the Enlightenment.
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Diogenes Laertius
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3rd century biographer of ancient Greek philosophers.
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Diogenes of Apollonia
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Pupil of Anaximenes and contemporary of Anaxagoras in the 6th cn. BCE.
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Eclecticism
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Group of ancient philosophers who sought to reach by selection the highest degree of probability in the search for truth.
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Emanation
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The theory that all derived or secondary things flow from the primary.
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Empedocles
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5th century BCE philosopher who combined medical study with Orphic mysticism.
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Epictetus
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Eminent Stoic philosopher, born as a slave at Hieropolis in Phyrgia in 55 CE.
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Epicurus
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4th century BCE materialist, empiricist, and hedonist. One of the major philosophers of the Hellenistic period.
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Euclides
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4th century BCE native of Megara, and founder of the Megarian or Eristic sect.
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Evolution
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Introduces evolution through the ages, from the ancient Greeks, through Leibniz and Descartes to Darwin and Spencer.
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Freud, Sigmund
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Lenghty article on the father of psychoanalysis who is generally recognised as one of the most influential and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century.
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God, Western Concepts of
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Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy article on God from Socrates to Nietzsche.
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Hegelians, St. Louis
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19th century group of amateur American philosophers founded and led by William Torrey Harris.
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Hempel, Carl Gustav
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A leading member of logical positivism, the German philosopher died in 1997.
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Heraclitus
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5th century BCE. Presocratic Greek philosopher.
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Hippias
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Hippias was a sophist, a contemporary of Socrates, and an enthusiast for universality.
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Hobbes, Thomas
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17th century British philosopher. Author of Leviathan (1651).
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Hodgson, Shadworth
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Follower of Kant, founder of the Aristotelian Society.
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Humanism
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Brief article on Erasmus and the Italian humanist movement.
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Hume, David
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Enormously influential 18th century Scottish philosopher. Author of Treatise of Human Nature (1739-1740).
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Husserl, Edmund
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Leader of the German phenomenological movement.
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Identity Theory
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Form of monistic materialism which maintains that mental states and brain activities are identical.
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Interventionism
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Examines the nature and justifications of interfering with another polity or choices made by individuals.
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Encyclopedists
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Group of French philosophers and men of letters who collaborated in the production of the famous Encyclopedie.
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Stoic Philosophy of Mind
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Description of the philosophy of Mind of the Stoics, including the relationship between mind and body, perception, action-theory, and emotion.
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Rousseau, Jean Jacques
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18th century French author of the Social Contract, influential during the French Revolution.
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Shpet, Gustav
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Leading proponent of Russian transcendental phenomenology in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
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Time
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Long article about questions of time, as discussed through the history of philosophy.
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Natural Law
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Definition and explanation of natural law theory with bibliography.
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